Mechanical Filtration 
This is simply having a barrier that has holes smaller than what it is that you want to filter out. This method of filtration removes tiny particles that are suspended in the water such as dirt, silt, sand, sediment, rust and other un-dissolved substances.
Depending on the quality and/or type of the filtering media particulates as small as 0.3 microns can be stripped from your drinking water. For reference purposes, a micron is equal to 1/25,000 of an inch, the diameter of one strand of your hair is around 100 microns.
A variety of materials are used to produce mechanical filtering media. Ceramics and various resins comprise the majority of this type of water filtration.
The heavy metals like aluminum, cadmium, lead and chromium are removed by the electrochemical process. These metals are attracted to the media, very similar to a magnet.
KDF Fluid Treatment, Inc., manufactures the most widely used media of this type, a coper and zinc alloy, and has held the patent since 1987.
Adsorption: Activated Carbon 
Activated carbon absorbs organic substances that cause your water to smell and taste bad. It also has the ability to remove pesticides, chlorine and its byproducts. This product is very porous, so much so that the carbon in an average countertop filter would have a surface area of 200 football fields.
The term "activated" refers to a process that makes the carbon more porous than it is naturally. Activation is achieved using steam, a chemical process or by controlled production processes while creating the carbon
Activated carbon works like this: As water flows over the surface at sufficient pressure dissolved chemicals stick to the carbon allowing the water to continue. This process is called absorption.
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